Module+11+Advanced+Human+Health+and+Physiology


 * __11.1 Defence against infectious disease __**

11.1.1 Describe the process of blood clotting. 11.1.2 Outline the principle of challenge and response, clonal selection and memory cells as the basis of immunity. 11.1.3 Define //active //and //passive //immunity. 11.1.4 Explain antibody production. 11.1.5 Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies and their use in diagnosis and in treatment. 11.1.6 Explain the principle of vaccination. 11.1.7 Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccination.


 * __11.2 Muscles and movement __**

11.2.1 State the roles of bones, ligaments, muscles, tendons and nerves in human movement. 11.2.2 Label a diagram of the human elbow joint, including cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule, named bones and antagonistic muscles (biceps and triceps). 11.2.3 Outline the functions of the structures in the human elbow joint named in 11.2.2. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.2.4 Compare the movements of the hip joint and the knee joint. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.2.5 Describe the structure of striated muscle fibres, including the myofibrils with light and dark bands, mitochondria, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, nuclei and the sarcolemma. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.2.6 Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of a sarcomere, including Z lines, actin filaments, myosin filaments with heads, and the resultant light and dark bands. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.2.7 Explain how skeletal muscle contracts, including the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">formation of cross-bridges, the sliding of actin and myosin filaments, and the use of ATP to break cross-bridges and re-set myosin heads. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.2.8 Analyse electron micrographs to find the state of contraction of muscle fibres.


 * __<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">11.3 The kidney __**

<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.3.1 Define //<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-It","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">excretion //<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.3.2 Draw and label a diagram of the kidney. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.3.3 Annotate a diagram of a glomerulus and associated nephron to show the function of each part. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.3.4 Explain the process of ultrafiltration, including blood pressure, fenestrated blood capillaries and basement membrane. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.3.5 Define //<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-It","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">osmoregulation //<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.3.6 Explain the reabsorption of glucose, water and salts in the proximal convoluted tubule, including the roles of microvilli, osmosis and active transport. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.3.7 Explain the roles of the loop of Henle, medulla, collecting duct and ADH (vasopressin) in maintaining the water balance of the blood. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.3.8 Explain the differences in the concentration of proteins, glucose and urea between blood plasma, glomerular filtrate and urine. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.3.9 Explain the presence of glucose in the urine of untreated diabetic patients.
 * __<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">11.4 Reproduction __**

<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.4.1 Annotate a light micrograph of testis tissue to show the location and function of interstitial cells (Leydig cells), germinal epithelium cells, developing spermatozoa and Sertoli cells. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.4.2 Outline the processes involved in spermatogenesis within the testis, including mitosis, cell growth, the two divisions of meiosis and cell differentiation. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.4.3 State the role of LH, testosterone and FSH in spermatogenesis. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.4.4 Annotate a diagram of the ovary to show the location and function of germinal epithelium, primary follicles, mature follicle and secondary oocyte. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.4.5 Outline the processes involved in oogenesis within the ovary, including mitosis, cell growth, the two divisions of meiosis, the unequal division of cytoplasm and the degeneration of polar body. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.4.6 Draw and label a diagram of a mature sperm and egg. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.4.7 Outline the role of the epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate gland in the production of semen. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.4.8 Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, including the number of gametes and the timing of the formation and release of gametes. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.4.9 Describe the process of fertilization, including the acrosome reaction, penetration of the egg membrane by a sperm and the cortical reaction. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.4.10 Outline the role of HCG in early pregnancy. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.4.11 Outline early embryo development up to the implantation of the blastocyst. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.4.12 Explain how the structure and functions of the placenta, including its hormonal role in secretion of estrogen and progesterone, maintain pregnancy. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.4.13 State that the fetus is supported and protected by the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.4.14 State that materials are exchanged between the maternal and fetal blood in the placenta. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">11.4.15 Outline the process of birth and its hormonal control, including the changes in progesterone and oxytocin levels and positive feedback.