Module+06+Human+Health+and+Physiology


 * __6.1 Digestion__**

6.1.1 Explain why digestion of large food molecules is essential. 6.1.2 Explain the need for enzymes in digestion. 6.1.3 State the source, substrate, products and optimum pH conditions for one amylase, one protease and one lipase. 6.1.4 Draw and label a diagram of the digestive system. 6.1.5 Outline the function of the stomach, small intestine and large intestine. 6.1.6 Distinguish between //absorption// and //assimilation//. 6.1.7 Explain how the structure of the villus is related to its role in absorption and transport of the products of digestion.


 * __6.2 The transport system__**

6.2.1 Draw and label a diagram of the heart showing the four chambers, associated blood vessels, valves and the route of blood through the heart. 6.2.2 State that the coronary arteries supply heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients. 6.2.3 Explain the action of the heart in terms of collecting blood, pumping blood, and opening and closing of valves. 6.2.4 Outline the control of the heartbeat in terms of myogenic muscle contraction, the role of the pacemaker, nerves, the medulla of the brain and epinephrine (adrenaline). 6.2.5 Explain the relationship between the structure and function of arteries, capillaries and veins. 6.2.6 State that blood is composed of plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes (phagocytes and lymphocytes) and platelets. 6.2.7 State that the following are transported by the blood: nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies, urea and heat.


 * __6.3 Defence against infectious disease__**

6.3.1 Define //pathogen//. 6.3.2 Explain why antibiotics are effective against bacteria but not against viruses. 6.3.3 Outline the role of skin and mucous membranes in defence against pathogens. 6.3.4 Outline how phagocytic leucocytes ingest pathogens in the blood and in body tissues. 6.3.5 Distinguish between //antigens// and //antibodies//. 6.3.6 Explain antibody production. 6.3.7 Outline the effects of HIV on the immune system. 6.3.8 Discuss the cause, transmission and social implications of AIDS.


 * __6.4 Gas exchange__**

6.4.1 Distinguish between //ventilation//, //gas exchange// and //cell respiration//. 6.4.2 Explain the need for a ventilation system. 6.4.3 Describe the features of alveoli that adapt them to gas exchange .The role of lungs, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. 6.4.5 Explain the mechanism of ventilation of the lungs in terms of volume and pressure changes caused by the internal and external intercostal muscles, the diaphragm and abdominal muscles.
 * __6.5 Nerves, hormones and homeostasis__**

6.5.1 State that the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nerves, and is composed of cells called neurons that can carry rapid electrical impulses. 6.5.2 Draw and label a diagram of the structure of a motor neuron. 6.5.3 State that nerve impulses are conducted from receptors to the CNS by sensory neurons, within the CNS by relay neurons, and from the CNS to effectors by motor neurons. 6.5.4 Define //resting potential// and //action potential// (depolarization and repolarization). 6.5.5 Explain how a nerve impulse passes along a non-myelinated neuron. 6.5.6 Explain the principles of synaptic transmission. 6.5.7 State that the endocrine system consists of glands that release hormones that are transported in the blood. 6.5.8 State that homeostasis involves maintaining the internal environment between limits, including blood, pH, carbon dioxide concentration, blood glucose concentration, body temperature and water balance. 6.5.9 Explain that homeostasis involves monitoring levels of variables and correcting changes in levels by negative feedback mechanisms. 6.5.10 Explain the control of body temperature, including the transfer of heat in blood, and the roles of the hypothalamus, sweat glands, skin arterioles and shivering. 6.5.11 Explain the control of blood glucose concentration, including the roles of glucagon, insulin and α and β cells in the pancreatic islets. 6.5.12 Distinguish between //type I// and //type II// diabetes.
 * __6.6 Reproduction__**

6.6.1 Draw and label diagrams of the adult male and female reproductive systems. 6.6.2 Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), estrogen and progesterone. 6.6.3 Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship between changes in hormone levels and ovulation, menstruation and thickening of the endometrium. 6.6.4 List three roles of testosterone in males. 6.6.5 Outline the process of //in vitro// fertilization (IVF). 6.6.6 Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF.