Option+E+Neurobiology+and+Behaviour


 * __E1 Stimulus and response __**

E.1.1 Define the terms //stimulus //, //response //and //reflex //in the context of animal behaviour. E.1.2 Explain the role of receptors, sensory neurons, relay neurons, motor neurons, synapses and effectors in the response of animals to stimuli. E.1.3 Draw and label a diagram of a reflex arc for a pain withdrawal reflex, including the spinal cord and its spinal nerves, the receptor cell, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron and effector. E.1.4 Explain how animal responses can be affected by natural selection, using two examples.


 * __E2 Perception of stimuli __**

E.2.1 Outline the diversity of stimuli that can be detected by human sensory receptors, including mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors and photoreceptors. E.2.2 Label a diagram of the structure of the human eye. E.2.3 Annotate a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which light moves. E.2.4 Compare rod and cone cells. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.2.6 Label a diagram of the ear. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.2.7 Explain how sound is perceived by the ear, including the roles of the eardrum, bones of the middle ear, oval and round windows, and the hair cells of the cochlea.

<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.3.1 Distinguish between //<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-It","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">innate //<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">and //<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-It","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">learned //<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">behaviour. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.3.2 Design experiments to investigate innate behaviour in invertebrates, including either a taxis or a kinesis. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.3.3 Analyse data from invertebrate behaviour experiments in terms of the effect on chances of survival and reproduction. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.3.4 Discuss how the process of learning can improve the chance of survival. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.3.5 Outline Pavlov’s experiments into conditioning of dogs. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.3.6 Outline the role of inheritance and learning in the development of birdsong in young birds.
 * __<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">E3 Innate and learned behaviour __**
 * __<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">E4 Neurotransmitters and synapses __**

<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.4.1 State that some presynaptic neurons excite postsynaptic transmission and others inhibit postsynaptic transmission. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.4.2 Explain how decision-making in the CNS can result from the interaction between the activities of excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic neurons at synapses. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.4.3 Explain how psychoactive drugs affect the brain and personality by either increasing or decreasing postsynaptic transmission. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.4.4 List three examples of excitatory and three examples of inhibitory psychoactive drugs. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.4.5 Explain the effects of THC and cocaine in terms of their action at synapses in the brain. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.4.6 Discuss the causes of addiction, including genetic predisposition, social factors and dopamine secretion. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.5.1 Label, on a diagram of the brain, the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and cerebral hemispheres. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.5.2 Outline the functions of each of the parts of the brain listed in E.5.1. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.5.3 Explain how animal experiments, lesions and FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) scanning can be used in the identification of the brain part involved in specific functions. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.5.4 Explain sympathetic and parasympathetic control of the heart rate, movements of the iris and flow of blood to the gut. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.5.5 Explain the pupil reflex. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.5.6 Discuss the concept of brain death and the use of the pupil reflex in testing for this. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.5.7 Outline how pain is perceived and how endorphins can act as painkillers. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.6.1 Describe the social organization of honey bee colonies and one other non-human example. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.6.2 Outline how natural selection may act at the level of the colony in the case of social organisms. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.6.3 Discuss the evolution of altruistic behaviour using two non-human examples. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.6.4 Outline two examples of how foraging behaviour optimizes food intake, including bluegill fish foraging for //<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-It","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">Daphnia //<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.6.5 Explain how mate selection can lead to exaggerated traits. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.6.6 State that animals show rhythmical variations in activity. <span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Regular","sans-serif"; font-size: 12px;">E.6.7 Outline two examples illustrating the adaptive value of rhythmical behaviour patterns.
 * __<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">E5 The human brain (HL) __**
 * __<span style="font-family: "MyriadPro-Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">E6 Further studies of behaviour (HL) __**