Module+05+Ecology+and+Evolution

__**5.1 Communities and Ecosystems**__

5.1.1 Define //species//, //habitat//, //population//, //community//, //ecosystem// and //ecology//. 5.1.2 Distinguish between //autotroph// and //heterotroph//. 5.1.3 Distinguish between //consumers//, //detritivores// and //saprotrophs//. 5.1.4 Describe what is meant by a food chain, giving three examples, each with at least three linkages (four organisms) 5.1.5 Describe what is meant by a food web. 5.1.6 Define //trophic level//. 5.1.7 Deduce the trophic level of organisms in a food chain and a food web. 5.1.8 Construct a food web containing up to 10 organisms, using appropriate information. 5.1.9 State that light is the initial energy source for almost all communities. 5.1.10 Explain the energy flow in a food chain. 5.1.11 State that energy transformations are never 100% efficient. 5.1.12 Explain reasons for the shape of pyramids of energy. 5.1.13 Explain that energy enters and leaves ecosystems, but nutrients must be recycled. 5.1.14 State that saprotrophic bacteria and fungi (decomposers) recycle nutrients.


 * __5.2 The greenhouse effect__**

5.2.1 Draw and label a diagram of the carbon cycle to show the processes involved. 5.2.2 Analyse the changes in concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide using historical records. 5.2.3 Explain the relationship between rises in concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane and oxides of nitrogen and the enhanced greenhouse effect. 5.2.4 Outline the precautionary principle. 5.2.5 Evaluate the precautionary principle as a justification for strong action in response to the threats posed by the enhanced greenhouse effect. 5.2.6 Outline the consequences of a global temperature rise on arctic ecosystems

5.3.1 Outline how population size is affected by natality, immigration, mortality and emigration. 5.3.2 Draw and label a graph showing a sigmoid (S-shaped) population growth curve. 5.3.3 Explain the reasons for the exponential growth phase, the plateau phase and the transitional phase between these two phases. 5.3.4 List three factors that set limits to population increase.
 * __5.3 Populations__**
 * __5.4 Evolution__**

5.4.1 Define //evolution//. 5.4.2 Outline the evidence for evolution provided by the fossil record, selective breeding of domesticated animals and homologous structures. 5.4.3 State that populations tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support. 5.4.4 Explain that the consequence of the potential overproduction of offspring is a struggle for survival. 5.4.5 State that the members of a species show variation. 5.4.6 Explain how sexual reproduction promotes variation in a species. 5.4.7 Explain how natural selection leads to evolution. 5.4.8 Explain two examples of evolution in response to environmental change; one must be antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
 * __5.5 Classification__**

5.5.1 Outline the binomial system of nomenclature. 5.5.2 List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa—kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species—using an example from two different kingdoms for each level. 5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: //bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta// and //angiospermophyta//. 5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: //porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca// and //arthropoda//. 5.5.5 Apply and design a key for a group of up to eight organisms.